For example, droughts, biofuels expansion and financial speculation after the sudden imposition of trade barriers led to food price hikes in 2008 (Kalkuhl et al. Scientists need to better understand, monitor, analyze and communicate such vulnerabilities. The more global, dynamic and complex food systems become, the more they are open to novel risks. The health properties of fortified foods and cultivated meats need establishing. They should develop policy guidelines for educational food labels and taxes and regulations on unhealthy foods (such as sugar, trans-fats and high-fructose corn syrup). Researchers also need to study behavioral barriers to healthy eating, such as snacking under stress. Under Covid-19 lockdowns these programs become even more relevant, as in Addis Ababa schools.
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School feeding programs offering nutritious meals for students, plus incentives like take home rations for parents to keep children in education, have increased school participation in Mali by 10% (Aurino et al. Developing new forms of packaging using recycled materials, coatings of nanomaterials and even edible films, would keep foods fresh for longer and reduce losses. Research priorities include powering fridges and preserving plants with solar energy. Three big game changers are: enhancing research and development (R&D) in agriculture and food to increase productivity sustainably, adding income and nutrition components to social protection programs, and slashing food waste and losses. For example, improving irrigation on small farms in Tanzania and Ethiopia has enhanced productivity, lowered prices for consumers and increased farmers’ income (Passarelli et al. Measures that do all three are most effective in cutting hunger and improving diets. Scientists need to identify optimal conditions and investment opportunities to make healthy and nutritious foods more available, affordable and accessible.
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